What is monkeypox virus

2022 - 6 - 23

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Image courtesy of "The New York Times"

Origin of the Monkeypox Outbreak Becomes Clearer to Scientists (The New York Times)

Even as cases rise, genetic analysis suggests that the virus has been silently circulating in people since 2018.

Britain’s experience indicates how complicated it can be to trace contacts of a virus that may be sexually transmitted, especially in cases where infected people have had multiple anonymous partners. As deforestation and urbanization drive people and animals into closer quarters, more viruses may make the jump to human hosts. In West Africa, the incidence of monkeypox has increased at least twentyfold since 1986. Monkeypox is most likely to leap to people from rodents. Genetic analysis suggests that although the monkeypox virus is rapidly spreading in the open, it has been silently circulating in people for years. It was discovered in 1958, after outbreaks occurred in monkeys kept for research, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Of 48 mutations identified in Britain, 21 may affect how the disease spreads, its severity and how well it responds to a treatment called tecovirimat, according to the U.K. Health Security Agency. Many men in the current outbreak have lesions on their genitalia, but those can be mistaken for sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia. If the virus has adapted to include people as hosts, monkeypox outbreaks could become more frequent and more difficult to contain. Comparing the current version of the virus with samples from the past few years might help understand how it has evolved, but that information is scarce. Monkeypox is a large double-stranded DNA virus, about seven times as large as the coronavirus. The virus was not known to spread easily among people, let alone infect dozens — and soon hundreds — of young men.

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Image courtesy of "Eyewitness News"

NICD confirms South Africa's first monkeypox case (Eyewitness News)

In a statement released on Thursday, the NICD said the patient was a 30-year-old male from Gauteng with no recent travel history.

The risk to the general population is considered low, given the low transmissibility of the virus,” the NICD said. A case ofNICD (@nicd_sa) #monkeypoxhas been identified in South Africa. The case involves a 30-year-old male residing in the Gauteng province. The cases to date mostly involve individuals that self-identify as men having sex with men.

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Image courtesy of "News24"

First case of monkeypox identified in SA (News24)

The National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, confirms that a case of monkeypox has been ...

Isolation of confirmed cases allows for the prevention of transmission and interruption of the cycle of transmission. The risk to the general population is considered low, given the low transmissibility of the virus. The National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, confirms that a case of monkeypox has been identified in South Africa through laboratory testing at the NICD on Wednesday, June 22, 2022.

IHR Emergency Committee regarding the multi-country outbreak of ... (World Health Organization)

The Director-General of WHO is convening an Emergency Committee under Article 48 of the International Health Regulations in relation to the current outbreak ...

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Image courtesy of "PBS NewsHour"

WHO considers declaring growing monkeypox outbreak a global ... (PBS NewsHour)

The World Health Organization convenes its emergency committee Thursday to consider if the spiraling outbreak of monkeypox warrants being declared a global ...

“There may be legitimate reasons why WHO only raised the alarm when monkeypox spread to rich countries, but to poor countries, that looks like a double standard,” Fidler said. “It is a bit curious that WHO only called their experts when the disease showed up in white countries,” he said. But few countries took notice until March, when the organization described it as a pandemic, weeks after many other authorities did so. It would also give monkeypox the same distinction as the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing effort to eradicate polio. Monkeypox has sickened people for decades in central and west Africa, where one version of the disease kills up to 10 percent of people infected. LONDON (AP) — The World Health Organization convenes its emergency committee Thursday to consider if the spiraling outbreak of monkeypox warrants being declared a global emergency.

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Image courtesy of "Mail and Guardian"

First case of monkeypox confirmed in South Africa (Mail and Guardian)

He urged South Africans not to panic, noting that monkeypox was not an airborne disease like Covid-19. “It's not a very severe illness but also because it is ...

The cases to date mostly involve individuals that self-identify as men having sex with men. The risk to the general population is considered low, given the low transmissibility of the virus,” the NICD added. This is the first multi-country outbreak of monkeypox and is already the largest outbreak of monkeypox recorded.

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Image courtesy of "Nature.com"

Monkeypox in Africa: the science the world ignored (Nature.com)

African researchers have been warning about monkeypox outbreaks for years. As vaccines are deployed globally, they worry they will be left behind.

In recent weeks, the WHO has recognized the inequity in the global attention that monkeypox is receiving. At the same time, researchers have been warning that cases of monkeypox in sub-Saharan Africa have been rising for years. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 and vaccination was halted, meaning that the percentage of the population vulnerable to it — and thus to monkeypox — has been growing (see ‘Monkeypox cases rising in Africa’). Acknowledging that many cases have so far occurred in men who have sex with men (MSM), authorities in several Canadian cities and in the United Kingdom have gone one step further and begun offering the vaccines to their MSM communities. Some health officials in sub-Saharan Africa worry that they will continue to be left behind, judging by their experience of vaccine inequity during the COVID-19 pandemic. “Without addressing the fundamental issues, you’ll end up using all your vaccines toward monkeypox,” he says, instead of dealing with the source of the problem — contact between wildlife and humans. Other researchers Nature spoke with also said the shots could help to curb monkeypox in Africa if they were given to people with compromised immune systems and those who frequently encounter wildlife. They point out that they have long been warning of the potential for the monkeypox virus, which has been behaving in new ways, to spread more widely. Meanwhile, some African nations have been dealing with monkeypox outbreaks ever since scientists identified the first human case in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 1970. With the virus now proliferating in Western cities through what seems to be close contact with sexual partners, “the world is paying the price for not having responded adequately” in 2017, she says. In Central Africa, the strain of monkeypox virus that has infected people is more virulent, with a mortality rate of about 10%. The largest of these outbreaks was a short-lived one in the United States in 2003, which stemmed from imported animals and made more than 70 people ill.

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Image courtesy of "KQ2.com"

St. Joseph Health Department educating public about Monkeypox ... (KQ2.com)

(ST. JOSEPH, Mo.) The CDC says that a case of the Monkeypox virus has been confirmed in Kansas City, Missouri. Since the distance between St. Joe and Kansas ...

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Image courtesy of "Livemint"

Monkeypox outbreak: How to protect yourself against monkeypox ... (Livemint)

Monkeypox outbreak: With over 3,200 confirmed monkeypox cases and one death, the World Health Organisation convened its emergency committee on Thursday to ...

It is crucial to note that many of the symptoms of monkeypox virus can be easily confused with other diseases, such as chickenpox, herpes or syphilis. As of now, the smallpox vaccine Imvanex is approved as protection against monkeypox in many countries. It would also give monkeypox the same distinction as the Covid-19 pandemic and the ongoing effort to eradicate polio.

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Image courtesy of "Daily Beast"

Current Monkeypox Virus May Be Showing Accelerated Evolution as ... (Daily Beast)

A new genetic analysis reveals the current outbreak may have begun earlier than thought—and the rise in cases is only fueling opportunities for new ...

The more separate chains of transmission we hand the pox, the more likely the virus is to mutate along these vectors in some way that benefits it and hurts us. When it comes to viral diseases, every infected person is a kind of living laboratory—a place where the virus can interact with the human immune system’s antibodies and T-cells and develop countermeasures. The “single origin” is the infected human population in Africa. “More than one introduction” means multiple travelers picked up the same pox strain and spread it beyond Africa around the same time. That doesn’t mean the pox itself is learning to evolve faster. One particularly disturbing possibility is that the pox is often or even usually circulating to some degree in non-endemic countries, but we rarely notice unless there’s a big surge in infections that compels doctors to look more closely at symptoms that could easily be mistaken for something else. According to Isidro and company, the virus may have been circulating outside of endemic countries long before officials finally noticed the infections and sounded the alarm. There are two main strains, one each in West and Central Africa. The milder West African strain can be fatal in up to 1 percent of cases. The more dangerous Central African strain can kill up to 10 percent of the people it infects. While health officials have all the tools they need to contain it—primarily contact-tracing and vaccines—right now the virus is moving faster than we are, and adapting. David Heymann, who formerly headed the World Health Organization’s emergencies department, said that men attending raves in Spain and Belgium “amplified” the outbreak—apparently through close, sometimes sexual, contact with other men. It just takes advantage of the skin-to-skin contact that accompanies sex. According to the World Health Organization’s latest report, there are over 2,100 confirmed cases, and at least one person has died.

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