Sars

2022 - 7 - 4

Post cover
Image courtesy of "News-Medical.net"

The role of vitamin D in H1N1 influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infection (News-Medical.net)

During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), scientists renewed ...

The dietary supplements, i.e., only a high dose of vitamin D supplement (D++), increased the concentration of 25D in serum. Scientists observed that vitamin D treatments did not show any effect on the expression of viral RNA (SARS-CoV-2 or H1N1 influenza) in the lungs of both hamsters and mice. The finding of this study is supported by previous studies that reported 25D treated mice exhibited a reduction in lung inflammation. Many studies have reported that 1,25D and other vitamin D analogs induce the production of cathelicidin in response to viral infection. Scientists reported that vitamin D and the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D, 1,25D) play a significant role in the anti-viral response. Low vitamin D levels lead to poor outcomes following acute respiratory infection (e.g., influenza). This is why high doses of vitamin D supplements have been recommended to reduce the severity of seasonal influenza.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "Business Insider South Africa"

Sars doesn't owe model Candice van der Merwe a R44 million ... (Business Insider South Africa)

She convinced a court she should get back a R44 million tax settlement she paid on that, but the Supreme Court of Appeal disagreed.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "Independent Online"

Sars wins long-running case with SA model over $15.3m gift (Independent Online)

The long-running battle between the SA Revenue Service and Cape Town swimwear model Candice-Jean van der Merwe over a $15.3 million gift from an unnamed ...

The “donation” was not subjected to tax. The amount payable was R44 175 675. She also declared a receipt of R142 901 673 as a “gift from her companion abroad”.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "News24"

Apology to Luther Lebelo about SARS 'hitman' reference (News24)

In an article on 2 February 2022 headlined, Public Protector defends appointment of former SARS man Luther Lebelo, News24 referred to Lebelo's description ...

The Deputy Press Ombud dismissed Lebelo’s complaints regarding contravention of clauses 1.1, 1.8, and 3.3 of the Press Code. Deputy Press Ombud Tyrone August found that this was in breach of Clause 1.2 of the Press Code: "While the word 'hitman' was indeed used at the Nugent Commission, the article did not disclose that the only person who did so was the complainant, nor did it provide the context in which it was used – both material omissions". The context in which Lebelo was described as a "hitman" at SARS should have referred to the original source describing him as such by Jacques Pauw in his book The President’s Keepers – Those keeping Zuma in power and out of prison, based on a source at SARS.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "News-Medical.net"

Vitamin D protects against H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice (News-Medical.net)

Low vitamin D status is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory diseases, such as influenza and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- ...

The researchers also evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in Golden Syrian hamsters. SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effects of vitamin D supplementation were assessed in mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is the receptor utilized by SARS-CoV-2 to gain entry into cells. The researchers in the current study sought to further evaluate the lung response of vitamin D supplementation in treating both H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. E) Representative histology of the lung of D+ WT (score = 3), D+ Cyp KO (score = 4), D- WT (score = 5.5) and D- Cyp KO (score = 6) at d14 post-infection. This lack of effect in hamsters may be due to the inability of commercially available chow to raise 25D levels. In addition to symptom resolution, vitamin D supplementation provided the greatest benefit to WT mice in terms of their survival, as well as lung pathologies. Furthermore, expression of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) gene did not differ amongst D+ and D- lungs or colon. Meanwhile, vitamin D supplementation did not appear to impact survival rates following SARS-CoV-2 infection. D+ and D- WT and D+ and D- Cyp KO littermates were infected with H1N1 influenza (n=13-18 per group). A) Serum 25D, B)respiratory distress symptoms and C) survival of D+ WT (n=18), D+ Cyp KO (n=13), D- WT (n=13) and D- Cyp KO (n=12) mice at d14 post-infection. Lung epithelial cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and are regulated by 1,25D supplementation. As a result, high-dose vitamin D supplementation has been recommended to reduce the severity of these infections. For example, vitamin D, as well as its analogs, appear to induce the production of cathelicidin, which is an antimicrobial peptide that is released in response to viral infections.

Stephen Buranyi | Post-Sars Symptoms · LRB 5 July 2022 (London Review of Books)

Sars faded from the news soon afterwards. But many patients continued to suffer from fatigue, headaches, and respiratory and cognitive difficulties, for months ...

Few people want the return of legal restrictions, and it was never feasible to impose them in perpetuity. Boris Johnson said in February that the UK was ‘moving from government restrictions to personal responsibility’, and other countries have since followed suit. After making drastic and unprecedented interventions in the name of public health in the early phase of the pandemic, governments have now largely abdicated responsibility. But there is a clear set of similar symptoms in patients across the world, and the numbers are staggering. All this would be concerning even if Covid were – as we once hoped – a one-time shock of disease, a cresting wave that would crash and then recede for ever as immunity took hold. Scientific studies have shown long-term damage to the heart, kidneys and lungs after serious Covid infections, and changes in brain structure even in mild cases.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "Independent Online"

SARS's tax auto-assessments: out with the old, in with the new (Independent Online)

The South African Revenue Service (SARS) auto-assessment is coming with a new twist this tax season.

The auto-assessment will not be issued to everyone, neither will it be issued to companies or trusts. If you become aware of an aggrievance within the assessment after the 40 business days to decline the assessment have lapsed, your only avenue of relief would be to lodge an objection against the assessment. If you agreed with all the income and deductions raised, and the subsequent tax debt or refund on the auto assessment, “accepting” the return would mean that you would not be obligated to submit another tax return to SARS for the tax year.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "Eyewitness News"

What you need to know about SARS' tax auto assessment (Eyewitness News)

The South African Revenue Service's (SARS) tax filing season kicked off on 1 July. EB Inglis recently received an SMS and email from SARS saying that an ...

There’s a slight change to the revenue collector's auto assessment this year. There’s a slight change to the revenue collector's auto assessment this year. What you need to know about SARS' tax auto assessment

Post cover
Image courtesy of "Moneyweb.co.za"

Tax filing season off to a slow start due to technical issues (Moneyweb.co.za)

Sars says it has identified a large segment of non-provisional taxpayers who are typically in formal employment and have deductions such as retirement annuity ...

They will have to file a return before the 23 January deadline. Sait’s understanding of the process is that the tax debt owed to Sars will only be payable on 31 January next year. If there is a refund due, Sars has undertaken to pay it within 72 hours after the notification was sent. However, they must be able to proof that they paid the expenses. Once the taxpayer has submitted an edited return, Sars will issue a revised assessment. However, if the taxpayer disagrees, he has 40 business days to file an edited return or ask for another 40 days in which to amend it.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "Technology Networks"

Paper-Based Immunoassay Detects SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies (Technology Networks)

An antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 that doesn't require a blood test has been developed, as it uses microneedles and a paper-based immnuoassay instead.

This novel detection device has great potential for the rapid screening of COVID-19 and many other infectious diseases that is safe and acceptable to patients. This is painful and increases the risk of infection or cross-contamination, and the used kit components present a potential biohazard risk. After demonstrating that ISF could be suitable for antibody detection, the researchers developed an innovative approach to both sample and test the ISF. “First, we developed biodegradable porous microneedles made of polylactic acid that draws up the ISF from human skin,” explains Beomjoon Kim, senior author. An alternative and complementary method for the confirmation of COVID-19 infection involves the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. The ineffective identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals has severely limited the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the high rate of asymptomatic infections (16%–38%) has exacerbated this situation. Now, investigators from Japan have developed a new antibody-based method for the rapid and reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 that does not require a blood sample.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "The Lancet"

Monoclonal antibody therapies against SARS-CoV-2 (The Lancet)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been widely used in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we review the ...

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Post cover
Image courtesy of "News-Medical.net"

The influence of immunosuppressive therapy on the development of ... (News-Medical.net)

Researchers evaluated the impact of immunosuppressive therapies on the induction of adaptive immunity after COVID-19 vaccination.

Further, the authors observed an increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) of the IgM isotype in anti-TNF-α patients on day seven after the second vaccination. The study demonstrated an altered immune response in these patients relative to healthy controls and oDMARD patients, albeit in the absence of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. The authors observed that anti-S IgG-antibodies were much reduced in patients on TNF-α inhibitor therapy after the second vaccine dose compared to healthy controls and those on oDMARDs. At this time, the IgG avidity and neutralization capacity also remained high across all the study groups. On average, all the patients taking anti-TNF-α therapy had 9.153 peripheral blood IgA plasma cells/µL seven days after the second vaccination. The researchers measured serum levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgG avidity, and nAbs for all the study participants before and after the second and third vaccination. They also investigated the development of Omicron-specific nAbs after a booster shot (or third-vaccine dose) of the same vaccine.

Post cover
Image courtesy of "Nature.com"

Altered subgenomic RNA abundance provides unique insight into ... (Nature.com)

A noncanonical sgRNA which could represent ORF9b is found in 98.4% of B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 infections compared with only 13.8% of other lineages, with a 16-fold ...

The BetaCoV/England/MIG457/2020 (B.1.1.7) strain of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.7) was obtained from Public Health England (Colindale), in January 2021. Preprint at bioRxivhttps://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.24.432576(2021). Commun Biol 5, 666 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03565-9 The grapevine pipeline ( https://github.com/COG-UK/grapevine) was used for generating the phylogeny based on all data available on GISAID and COG-UK up until 16 February 2021. We explored whether the nucleocapsid D3L mutation has occurred in non-B.1.1.7 lineages in the global COG-UK sequence data set (14 February 2021). Seventy-seven sequences with D3L were noted in a variety of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and appear as homoplasies in a global phylogeny, suggesting that this event may have occurred independently on several occasions (Supplementary Fig. 11). This mutation creates a new TRS-B-like site with increased complementarity in B.1.1.7 viruses, driving higher sgRNA production from this locus, akin to sites of canonical sgRNA production (Fig. 3g-iii). A similar event has been described previously more than 3′ in the N ORF 15, and mutations which result in increased complementarity and noncanonical sgRNA formation have been shown to occur in coronaviruses 19. The differences between B.1.1.7 and B.1.177 were still apparent for S, N and M sgRNA (Fig. 1i), suggesting that the increase in B.1.1.7 sgRNA abundance is seen independently of any difference in ECT between lineages. Subgenomic RNA levels remained significantly higher in B.1.1.7 compared to B.1.177 infections when the comparison was restricted to samples from healthcare workers (Supplementary Fig. 6). No difference in sgRNA levels for B.1.1.7 was seen by sex or age (Supplementary Figs 7, 8). Relative light units in the diagnostic assay also varied over time in B.1.1.7 compared to B.1.177 infections, with significantly higher RLU at 0, 1, 2 and 3 days since symptom onset (Fig. 2e). Data since symptom onset for samples with Ct values were insufficient to replicate this analysis. A modest difference in the distribution of the days since symptom onset between B.1.177 and B.1.1.7 was apparent, where B.1.1.7 infections appeared to be sampled earlier (Fig. 2c). We therefore applied a generalized linear regression model to adjust for any effect this change in distribution might have on sgRNA abundance in lineages B.1, B.1.1, B.1.177 and B.1.1.7. Subgenomic RNA was still significantly elevated in B.1.1.7 in S, N, M, and E (Fig. 2d, Supplementary Fig. 5, and Supplementary Tables 3, 4). A smaller increase in sgRNA in B.1.177 (compared to B.1) was still seen, though only for M and N. Furthermore, sampling practice and sequencing in healthcare workers in our hospital remained consistent throughout the period when B.1.177 and B.1.1.7 were circulating, we hypothesised that these data were less likely to be affected by unknown confounders in sampling. Normalising to ORF1a reveals the same pattern of significant overrepresentation of S, N, E and M sgRNA in B.1.1.7 (Supplementary Fig. 4). An increasing body of evidence suggests B.1.1.7 is more transmissible 2, 3 and rapidly became the dominant circulating virus in the United Kingdom (UK) during October 2020 to February 2021 (Fig. 1a). To date, B.1.1.7 has been reported in 150 countries ( https://cov-lineages.org/, 4 August 2021), with increasing prevalence. sgRNA is produced from the genomically encoded SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using discontinuous transcription of the positive, single-stranded SARS-CoV-2 genome from the 3′ end.

Explore the last week